Exclusive note Article for JSC/SSC/HSC Exam

Exclusive note Article for JSC/SSC/HSC Exam

Articles

Using of Articles

Article A, An   এবং The এর ব্যবহারকে Article  বলে।

Article  দুই প্রকার। যথা:

(i) Indefinite Article

(ii) Definite Article.

Indefinite Article: ‘A’ এবং An’  দ্বারা Indefinite Article  নির্দেশিত হয়। এ ক্ষেত্রে Noun  এর পরিচয় অনির্দিষ্টভাবে প্রকাশ করা হয়। যেমন:

I have an orrange.

Definite Article: ‘The’  দ্বারা Definite Article  নির্দেশিত হয়। ’The’  সাধারণত Noun  এরপরিচয়কে নির্দিষ্ট ভাবে প্রকাশ করে। যেমন: The Padma is a big river.

Use of ‘A’

1. কোন Word consonant  দিয়ে শুরু হলে ঐ Word  এর পূর্বে a  বসে। যেমন:

    I need to buy a box.

2. যে সব Word Vowel  দিয়ে শুরু হয় এবং Vowel এর উচ্চারণ ‘ইউ’ এবং ‘ওয়া’ এর মত উচ্চারিতহয় তখন এর পূর্বে a  বসে। যেমন: (i) My younger brother is a university student. ‘ইউ’ এরমত উচ্চারিত

(ii) Father gave me a one-Taka note.  ‘ওয়া’ এর মত উচ্চারিত

3.  তুলনা বা সাচ্ছদ্য বুঝাতে proper noun  এর পূর্বে A  বসে।যেমন:(i)  You are a Nazrul I see.

4. ‘few’, ‘little’, ‘good many’, ‘great many’, ‘dozen’ ‘hundred’, ‘thousand’  প্রভৃতি শব্দসমন্বয়ে গঠিত শব্দগুচ্ছের পূর্বে a  এসব শব্দ গুচ্ছকে সর্বদাই Plural  রূপে গণ্য করা হয়। যেমন:

(i) A good many boys were present in the school.

(ii) I earn a hundred Taka daily.

5. Such, many   ইত্যাদি Singular Common noun  হিসেবে ব্যবহূত হলে এর পরে a বসে।যেমন:

(i) Many a boy was present.

Use of ‘An’

1.  সাধারণত: কোন Word  এর শুরুতে (i) Vowel [A, E, I, O, U]  থাকলে তার পূর্বে an বসে।যেমন:

(i) English is an international language.

2.  কোন Word  এর শুরুতে H  থাকলে এবং এটি অনুচ্চারিত হলে তার পূর্বে An  বসে। যেমন :

(i) Everybody respects an honestman.

3.  সংক্ষিপ্ত Word  এর শুরুতে Consonant   থাকলেও তার উচ্চারণ যদি Vowel  এর মত হয়তাহলে তার পূর্বে  an  বসে। যেমন:(i) Mr. Rahman is an M.A

Use of ‘The’

1. কোন অদ্বিতীয় জিনিস অর্থাত্ যে ধরনের জিনিস মাত্র একটিই আছে, সে সব জিনিসের পূর্বে The  বসে।   যেমন:

 “The Sun rises in the east.’

2. Superlative degree -এর পূর্বে The  বসে। যেমন:

(i) He is the best boy in the class.

3. তারিখের পূর্বে এবং 1st, 2nd, 3rd   ইত্যাদি ক্রমবাচক সংখ্যার পূর্বে the  বসে।

(i) The 16th December is a red letter day.(ii) Pulok is the 1st boy in the class.                      

4. দুইয়ের মধ্যে তুলনা বুঝাতে, যদি ‘two’  শব্দটি উপস্থিত থাকে, তাহলে Adjective এরcomparative form   এর পূর্বে The  ব্যবহূত হয়। যেমন:Sheli us the younger of the two.

5.  সমগ্র সম্প্রদায় বা শ্রেণী বুঝার জন্য Plural  অর্থে Adjective  এর পূর্বে The  ব্যবহূত হয়।যেমন:

(i)The rich are not always happy.

6. Noun- এর সঙ্গে ‘all’, ‘both’, ‘half’   ইত্যাদি ব্যবহূত হলেও ওগুলোর পূর্বে the  বসে। যেমন:

All the studdents were present.

নির্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি/ ব্যক্তিগণ অথবা বস্তু/ বস্তুগুলোকে নির্দেশ করার জন্য the  ব্যবহূত হয়।Countable singular noun এর কথা প্রথমবার উল্লেখ করতে Indefinite article a/an  ব্যবহার করা হয়। কিন্তু দ্বিতীয় বার ঐ Noun এর উল্লেখ করতে আমরা Definite article ‘the’  ব্যবহার করি। যেমন:I have a boy, The boy is barking loudly.

8.  প্রথমবার উল্লেখ করতে Countable plural noun  এর পূর্বে কোন article  বসে না। অনেকক্ষেত্রে determiner some, may, much  ইত্যাদি বসে। কিন্তু দ্বিতীয়বার উল্লেখ করতে ঐCountable Plural noun  এর পূর্বে definite article the  বসে। যেমন:My brother has bought a some pens and pencils. The pens are blue. The pencils are yellow.

9.  প্রথমবার উল্লেখ করতে Uncountable noun   এর পূর্বে কোন Article  বসে না। কিন্তুদ্বিতীয়বার উল্লেখ করতে ঐ Ancountable noun  এর পূর্বে Definite article the  বসে।I need some rice and dal. The rice must be fresh.

10. Collective noun  এর পূর্বে the  বসে। যেমন:The audience were satisfied.

কোন কোন ক্ষেত্রে  article  বসে না।  নিয়মগুলো অনুসরণ করে শূন্যস্থানে (x)চিহ্ন বসাবে।

Omission of Articles

1. Abstract Noun এর পূর্বে অনেক ক্ষেত্রেই article   বসে না। যেমন: kindness is a great virtue.

2. Plural Noun  এর পূর্বে a/an  বসে না। যেমন:Horses are useful.

3. Possesive  এর পরে সাধারণত কোন article   বসে না।যেমন:Her ....... husband went to England.

4.  ভাষার নামের পূর্বে কোন article বসে  না। যেমন:––––––– English is an international language.

5. সংখ্যার পরে কোন article বসে না।  যেমন: I have an ––––– hundred Taka.

বোর্ড প্রশ্নের আলোকে Using of article এর Model Exercise

Model Exercises :

3. Fill in the blanks with suitable articles.

1. English is (a) ... international language. It is spoken all over (b)... world. So the importance of (c)... English can not be described in words. All (d) ...books on higher education are written in English. Today organizations need employees who speak and write (e) ... standard form of English. It helps (f)... educated man to get a (g).... good job, it is (h)... official or semi-official language all over the world. Ours is (i) ... age of globalization we need to learn English to join (j) ... advanced world.

2. (a) .... 16th December is (b) ... red letter day in the history of Bangladesh. On the day we achieved our victory at (c) ... cost of (d) ... bloody battle. Bangladesh came into being as (e) ... independent country. It occupied a place in the world (f) ... map. Every year we observe (g) ... day with due solemnly we remember (h) .... supreme sacrifice of our neroic sons. The day is (i) ...public holyday. The day begins with gun shot. The national flag is hoisted on (j)... top of the each house.

3. Computer is (a) ... invention of (b) ... modern science. It is (c)... man made machine and works according to (d) .... instruction given to it. It was Pascal who invented (e) ... theory of calculation. There are five components in (f) ... computer. In (g) ... modern world computer renders (h) ... great service to civilized world. It has lessened our works lead to (i) ... great extent. In fact, computer is doing a great job by substituting (j) ... human brain.

4. Money can not buy a happiness. Money is (b)... must for our life. But it is not (c) ... necessary to bring our happiness. Happiness is absolutely (d) ... psychological thing. It is (e) ... the name of feeling. It means the contentment of mind. He who is (g) ... satisfied what he gets and content with his life is (h) ... really happy. Happiness cannot be purchased with (i) .... money. No doubt, money has got some thing to do with (j) ... happiness but it can not give us happiness.

5. It was (a) ... occasion of New Year’s Day. King Arthur and his knight were sitting in (b) .... court. At the same time, they heard (c) ... sound of hoofs outside. In (d) ... moment, a stranger appeared before them. He was a knight. He said that people called him (e) ... Green Knight. He said to the knights present. “I challnge anyone of you to strike me with (f) ... blow”. If survive you will meet at any place in (g) ... year’s time and receive (h) ... blow in return?” All (i) .... knights were taken aback. No one came forward to meet (j) ... challenge.